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Goldreich, Oded (2001), Foundations of cryptography I: Basic Tools, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-9-1.

ISBN 00000000 Check |isbn= value: length (help). Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of CRYPTO 84.

^ 'Mac Security Overview', Mac® Security Bible, Wiley Publishing, Inc.,, pp.

^ ISO/IEC 29192-6 Information technology - Lightweight cryptography - Part 6: Message authentication codes (MACs).

^ ISO/IEC 9797-3 Information technology - Security techniques - Message Authentication Codes (MACs) - Part 3: Mechanisms using a universal hash-function.

^ ISO/IEC 9797-2 Information technology - Security techniques - Message Authentication Codes (MACs) - Part 2: Mechanisms using a dedicated hash-function.

^ ISO/IEC 9797-1 Information technology - Security techniques - Message Authentication Codes (MACs) - Part 1: Mechanisms using a block cipher.

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^ The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC).

^ 'Federal Information Processing Standards Publications, Withdrawn FIPS Listed by Number'.

^ 'FIPS PUB 113 Computer Data Authentication'.

^ 'VMAC: Message Authentication Code using Universal Hashing'.

^ Fred B Schneider, Hashes and Message Digests, Cornell University.

^ IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications (PDF).

^ a b Theoretically, an efficient algorithm runs within probabilistic polynomial time.

However, her final forged message must be different from any message she chose to query the signing algorithm before. ^ The strongest adversary is assumed to have access to the signing algorithm without knowing the key.Hash-based message authentication code (HMAC).More generally, k-independent hashing functions provide a secure message authentication code as long as the key is used less than k times for k-ways independent hashing functions. Because MACs use secret keys, they do not necessarily need to be encrypted to provide the same level of assurance. Message digests do not use secret keys and, when taken on their own, are therefore a much less reliable gauge of message integrity than MACs.

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Conversely, MAC algorithms are designed to produce matching MACs only if the same message, secret key and initialization vector are input to the same algorithm. Message digest algorithms are created such that a given message will always produce the same message digest assuming the same algorithm is used to generate both. This lack of security means that any message digest intended for use gauging message integrity should be encrypted or otherwise be protected against tampering. However, some authors use MIC to refer to a message digest, which is different from a MAC – a message digest does not use secret keys. The term message integrity code (MIC) is frequently substituted for the term MAC, especially in communications, to distinguish it from the use of MAC meaning MAC address (for media access control address). This is commonly done in the finance industry.

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However, non-repudiation can be provided by systems that securely bind key usage information to the MAC key the same key is in the possession of two people, but one has a copy of the key that can be used for MAC generation while the other has a copy of the key in a hardware security module that only permits MAC verification. Thus, digital signatures do offer non-repudiation. Since this private key is only accessible to its holder, a digital signature proves that a document was signed by none other than that holder. In contrast, a digital signature is generated using the private key of a key pair, which is public-key cryptography. For the same reason, MACs do not provide the property of non-repudiation offered by signatures specifically in the case of a network-wide shared secret key: any user who can verify a MAC is also capable of generating MACs for other messages. This implies that the sender and receiver of a message must agree on the same key before initiating communications, as is the case with symmetric encryption. MACs differ from digital signatures as MAC values are both generated and verified using the same secret key.